Maize plant having increased seed yield through recessive genetic determinants that confer expanded corn ear tips

ABSTRACT

This invention provides a novel means of making maize hybrids and inbreds with expanded ear tip phenotypes for promoting increased seed yield from recessive genetic determinants. This is achieved by making standard inbred×hybrid as well as inbred×inbred crosses followed by selection in the subsequent self-pollinated generations from these plants for expanded ear tip phenotype characteristics to produce new parent inbred lines. Next, the resulting inbreds, having a different pedigree but possessing the recessive expanded ear tip genetic determinants, are crossed to cause the expanded ear tip trait to express as a homozygous recessive trait in an otherwise primarily heterozygous hybrid.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a division of application Ser. No. 11/220,275 filed Sep. 6,2005, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119 of provisionapplication 60/607,991 filed Sep. 8, 2004.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to maize plants having increased seedyield, and more particularly, to a method for producing inbred andhybrid corn plants having the phenotypic property of expanded corn eartips for providing increased seed yield based on a recessive geneticsystem for trait selection.

2) Description of Related Art

Corn is the most extensively grown of all grain crops in the UnitedStates. It is of great agricultural and economic interest to provide newcorn inbreds and hybrids which display an improvement in particularcharacteristics, such as increased seed yield, disease resistance,standability, tolerance to environmental factors, and the like. Throughproper breeding techniques, these characteristics can be introduced intonew or existing inbred lines of maize which can then be used to producesuperior hybrid corn, which is the predominant commercial type.

Many years ago plant biologists and naturalists noted that when diversestrains of maize were crossed or hybridized, their vigor increased. Thisresponse became known as hybrid vigor or heterosis. In focusing onincreased seed yield, prior efforts in heterosis and maize genetics ledto a treatment of increased seed yield as being due specifically tonumerous dominant and additive gene actions for beneficial effects onkernel weight, kernel number per ear, and ears per plant and unit landharvested.

In modern breeding, the complexity of corn genes affecting yield havebeen largely discussed under the heading of QTL's or “quantitative traitloci.” The entire corn growing ecosystem and plant response has sincebeen modeled into various genetic determinants (see J. T. Richie and G.Alagarswamy, Agronomy J. 95:4-9, 2003. Am Soc. Of Agronomy). However,the specific manipulation of determinants or a single determinant in acomplexity of gene interactions is very difficult. It would be extremelyuseful if one could change the hybrid corn plant ear to increase kernelnumber per ear without altering the remainder of beneficial traits of ahybrid such as heat tolerance, disease resistance, fertilizer efficiencyand so forth.

In corn, parent strain selection for higher yield in hybrid crosses hasmainly involved large numbers of inbred lines being formed and theirsubsequent testing as hybrids for heterosis toward higher yield. Plantsthat have been self-pollinated and selected for type for manygenerations become homozygous at almost all gene loci and produce auniform population of true breeding progeny. A cross between twohomozygous lines produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that maybe heterozygous for many gene loci. A cross of two plants eachheterozygous at a number of loci will produce a population of hybridplants that differ genetically and will not be uniform.

The development of superior corn hybrids requires the development ofhomozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluationof the crosses. The goal of corn breeding is to develop new, unique andsuperior corn inbred lines and hybrids. In pedigree selection breeding,the breeder combines the genetic backgrounds of two or more inbred linesor various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which the newinbred lines are developed by selfing and selection of the desiredphenotypes. The new inbreds are crossed with other inbred lines and thehybrids from these crosses are thoroughly tested and compared toappropriate standards in environments representative of the commercialtarget area(s).

Pedigree selection breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes,each of which may have one or more desirable traits or more desirablecharacteristics that are lacking: in the other or which complement theother. If the two original parents do not provide all of the desiredcharacteristics, other sources can be included in the breedingpopulation. In the pedigree selection method, superior plants are selfedand selected in successive generations. In the succeeding generations,the heterozygous condition gives way to the homozygous lines as a resultof self-pollination and selection.

Hybrid vigor has been the major means to enhance yield for more than 75years. The general hypothesis behind heterosis is that the genetic locion the DNA strands of the ten chromosomes of maize cooperate better whenthey are from different parents of different composition. Inbreeding hasbeen found to specifically reduce seed yield.

In corn, the product of inbreeding is termed an “inbred” or “inbredline” of which there have been hundreds of thousands of bushels sold oremployed as parents for hybrids. Inbreeding is typically accomplished byself-pollination as described above. At each self-pollination the numberof heterozygous progeny loci is reduced by 50%. Eventually, afterseveral generations of selfing, a progeny row from a single ear willappear very uniform and individuals are almost indistinguishable to theeye. Generally, after 6-10 selfings, a line is typically consideredready for use in hybrid manufacturing because the character of the plantis highly reproducible at that point.

Backcrossing is another means of inbreeding and inbred production. Fourto six backcrosses of a random corn plant by an inbred may produce auniform inbred population with the traits of the recurrent parent,except for those traits selected as different from the recurrent parentin each generation of backcrossing. For recessively inherited traits,after each backcross a cycle of self-pollination is useful. Inbreeding aheterozygous plant or population or backcrossing an inbred to aheterozygous plant or population is known to result in decreased yield.This has been attributed to the uncovering of deleterious recessivegenes or breaking up a cooperative beneficial heterozygous loci.

In commercial breeding when two candidate inbred parents are crossed andfail to show hybrid vigor, that combination is discarded as a hybridcandidate. Inbred parent seeds are marketed based on units of 1000viable kernels or MVK. Thus, for an inbred, a means of increasing seednumber per harvested whole ear is an important matter effecting cost ofparent seed production. “Seeds per acre” is also an important componentof hybrid yield.

There are several thousand genes in the maize genome and these areforming as the genome evolves each year through both natural andartificial means. Some studies relating to the genomics of yield haveconcluded that most traits of interest to the maize breeder are stronglyaffected by the environment and necessitate complex and costlyexperimental designs for their definition. The concern of much of thegenome research is with the identification and manipulation of traitswhich are effected by several genes, the so called QTL's. Interimresults have indicated that large numbers of small loci may effect sucha parameter as the yield×environment interaction. (see S. J. Oppenshawand E. Frascaroli, Proceedings of the 52^(nd) Annual Corn and SorghumResearch Conference 44-53. 1997. QTL detection and marker assistedselection for traits in maize).

It would thus be desirable to isolate genes in inbred lines which affecta valued component of yield without such multi-locus complexity. At thepresent time, one cannot simply pick out a gene and then increase it perse in any average maize plant to give a higher seed yield result. Amongthe problems in doing this is that the existence of a unit of DNA doesnot ensure its expression in the complex milieu of a plant. Single geneswhich affect yield by increased disease resistance are known but theseare generally regarded as auxiliary traits not directly reading on earor plant morphology. Multi-gene traits such as vertical leaf habit orstrong stalks can be considered a component of yield. A simply inheritedgenetic determinant has not been identified which in isolated usedetermines a quantitative result for increased yield in hybrid formuntil the present invention.

What makes finding determinants to increase yield difficult for a personskilled in the art is: 1) development and isolation of pure breedingstrains carrying the trait, requires several years; 2) crossing theinbreds to achieve pollen and silk nick without interference fromoutside elements; 3) harvesting the viable hybrid seed; 4) planting andsucceeding in growing out the progeny in such a manner that phenotypictraits of the hybrid can be measured. The current products of the hybridmaize breeder, as to the shape and form of the hybrid maize seed bearingear (the female inflorescence or flower), fall into one of the followingsimple descriptions or categories: 1) largely parallel side ears as aresult of the seeds occurring on parallel sided cobs with the butt ofthe ear nearest the stalk shaped in a blunt manner and slightly largerin diameter than the distal tip of the ear; 2) slightly conical ormoderately conical ears with the distal tip of the ear decidedly smallerthan the base of the ear, and the tip of the ear having fewer kernelsthan the base, with the sides of the ear not parallel. Ears of tropicaland exotic maize have been reported with various shapes; however, noneof the heritable determinants or genes have been employed to make acontrolled ear morphologhy with useful yield effect in a subsequentsingle cross hybrid, backcross hybrid, or double cross hybrid.

The ramosa allele is an example which modifies maize ears by varioussplit shapes in tropical varieties where it was described. Small splitears or furcated ears were derived from the variety Quicheno Ramoso andtheir origin was the McBryde Collection #26 and #47. A practicum for theuse of the ramose gene in maize in finding a single recessive geneticmechanism for increasing maize yield improvement has yet to bepresented. Further, there has not been any suggestion that hybrid orinbred maize ears with useful modified ears could be developed fromcrosses with standard maize plants. Accordingly, there has not been anydescribed or implemented practical means of using the ramose type effectfor enhancing plant yield.

The prior art fails to disclose any prescribed use of the heritablegenetic determinants known to effect the morphology of the corn ear tipin the improvement or management of plant seed yield. Thus, thecommercial production of maize as a single cross hybrid, three-way crosshybrid, backcross hybrid, double cross hybrid or parent inbred has notbeen accomplished wherein the tips of the corn ear, or a largepercentage of ears, in a field or row of plants employed commercially,are routinely larger than the base or the mid portion of the ear, andwherein the tip of the ear contributes significantly more to yield thana normal shaped ear in the same family.

Heretofore, maize breeders have neglected the intentional manipulationof ear tip phenotypic traits through recessive genetic determinants toprovide for expanded ear tips. All currently employed hybrids and openpollinated varieties lack enlarged ear tips in any significantpercentage of their population. Such a feat as to be able to routinelymake hybrids with a large percentage of the plants having expanded eartips will provide more harvestable tissue mass per acre planted.

Accordingly, it is the object of the present invention to provide amethod for producing a hybrid and inbred corn ears having an expandedear tip larger that the base of the ear which results from the selectionof recessive trait(s) in the breeding process, said traits when combinedin the hybrid result in enhanced seed yield.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The above objective is accomplished according to the present inventionby providing a procedure and means of producing hybrid, backcross, andinbred ears with larger tip tissue and greater seed yield per plant thanstandard conical or parallel sided maize ears using standard pure lineinbred parents which lack such expanded ear tip trait.

In general the method involves identifying a means of forming andisolating a recessive trait in an isolated inbred parent which effectsin a positive manner ear seed yield. This is accomplished by theintroduction of “spo” determinants, which confer expanded ear tipphenotypes, into each parent of the hybrid before crossing. A doublebenefit is obtained from the higher seed yield of the inbred as well.The breeding method disclosed herein is the opposite of most commonbreeding procedures for enhancement of yield in maize, i.e. that ofcombining many dominant diverse genes in a hybrid for yield enhancementresulting in heterosis or hybrid vigor. Rather, the invention focuses onthe development of a recessive determinants through selection andcombining the recessive trait in the hybrid and inbred to manufacture acorn ear with an expanded tip, and using the expanded ear tip to alsoenhance the yield.

The present invention employs well adapted pure line inbred parents withnormal ear tips in crosses between themselves and a normal eared hybrid,or normal eared heterozygous population, to derive a modified ear tipmaize plant as an inbred parent. The resulting parent(s) which haveenlarged ear tips, termed “spo” ears may then be employed as hybridparents or to make further “spo” eared inbreds and hybrids. The entireprior art of maize breeding fails to direct attention to the ear tip asa primary target for enhancement of yield, particularly throughrecessive genetic determinants.

The method of the present invention is also different from the prior artin that a single or a few closely linked recessive genetic determinantsare isolated by phenotypic analysis during selfing of a heterozygousfamily. A large yield effect is accomplished in the hybrid plant by thesingle or closely linked recessive determinant when brought together inthe hybrid. This may be termed recessive single trait locus enhancement(RSTLE). Most maize breeders in contrast are seeking dominant favorableloci. From the specified use of what is term a “spo” determinant forpurposes of the present invention, or heritable genetic determinant forexpanded corn ear tip, made by the process of selection describedherein, the expanded ear tip would not express unless both parentspossessed the recessive “spo” determinant. Thus, the method of enhancingyield by the present invention is contrary to the dominant favorableallele theory except that dominant favorable alleles may favorablyeffect the development of seeds on the spo ear. Further, the spo effectenhances the per se yield of the parent inbred by increasing the sizeand kernel number at the tip of the ear.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

As used herein, terms employed to define the shapes of the ears aredefined as follows:

1) Spo ear: one which has a decidedly “spoon shape” at the tip orexpanded ear tip as judged by increased kernel rows at the tip versusthe base. Spo ears have a wider ear tip than base and an increasedkernel row number. Some spo ears, for example, may have 24 to 36 or moreuseful kernel rows at the tip of the ear while having 14-18 kernel rowsat the base of the ear. Spo ears may be bulbous. Under the outerpericarp layer of a spoon shaped ear tip one may often find a hollowarea which is compressed on each side to form the spoon or “spo” effect,although this is not always the case. Some spo ears may be 10centimeters wide at the tip while only half that width at the base ofthe ear. The spoon shaped or bulbous ear tip is expressed in the highlyinbred plant. When spoon eared inbred plants are crossed from differentparental populations, the flat ear spoon trait is most often modifiedinto a round or off round large bulb with higher tissue or seed yield atthe tip versus non-bulbed plants. This rounding or bulbing permitsnormal machine harvesting and shelling without the losses which mayoccur with flatter ear breakage.

2) Bifurcate or split ear tip: defines an ear with one or more deepindentations into the tip of the ear usually containing eight or morekernel rows per arm of the bifurcation.

3) Spo-bif ears: defines and ear having large spoon shaped tips withvisible indentations into the spoon.

4) Bif: As used herein, “bif” is defined as a field plot name as well asa descriptor for indented ears. As a term employed herein, it hasnothing to do with any prior use of “bif’ in any other context ingenetics or biological chemistry.

Applicant groups all corn ears with increased kernel rows at the tipwhether spoon or split or spo-bif or bulbous under the general term“spo”.

In 1985, self-pollination of a corn line was accomplished by way of athree-way cross of Mo 17 and P3906 to produce an F2 generation. Mo 17seeds were obtained as pure breeding stock from Downing FoundationSeeds, in Ohio. P3906 was a commercial single cross hybrid used at thetime by farmers desiring an early flowering hybrid. P3906 was purchasedat a feed dealer.

Neither parent possessed spo or bifurcate ears. Each parent was grownbefore starting the research to assess its ear type. Little earvariation, except as to ear length and kernel row number was found ineither parent. Both parents possessed nearly parallel sided ears exceptthat those of P3906 were slightly more conical at the ear base than Mo17. Mo 17 had mostly ears with 12 or 14 kernel rows of seed with veryfew 16 kernel row ears. P3906 had mostly 14 and 16 kernel row ears. Theseed rows and individual harvests made from each generation ofself-pollination of Mo 17 and P3906 were encoded as follows in Table 1below through each generation of selfing:

TABLE 1 Year Plot or Line # Generation 1985 Mo 17 × P3906 F2 198686-65-8 row F3 1987 S.B 2-5 row F4 1988 3M9-17-10, 17-12 ears F5 1989 GPlot: 3M9-17-10 self 12 F6 1990 90-RII-137-139 ear bag-2 F7 1991 91Block self SE-1 F8 1992 92 Bif-rows 2, 4, 8, 12 F9 1993 93-92 Bif 12-2FI0 (.93PHI Bif-8**) 1994 TX row78 ex93-92Bif 12-2 F11 1995 BlueMounds - Spo row F12 1996 plot3 F13 1997 plot 3 male RHspo F14 **In1993, the segregation of traits in the progeny of Bif-8 was as follows:

TABLE 2 Spo tip 52.9% Normal Ear   47%

The research proceeded with a self-pollinated plant from 92 Bif-12,designated 93-92Bif 12-2, grown in TX row 78, in 1994, due to betterplant type. At the F6, F7 level of inbreeding, it was noted that severalears in the family made from Mo 17×3906 exhibited the “spo” trait. Seedsof one of these plants were propagated as the 1991 Block SE-1 self earand then the 1992 Bif plot, rows 8 and 12 as indicated above. Twentyplants from SE-1, grown in 1991, were self-pollinated. The resultingears on these plants were 40% normal tipped and 60% spo tipped (widenedat the tip). An ear exhibiting a strong “spo” trait was selected from 92Bif plot row 12 and propagated, in 1994 and 1995, and reselected. The1995 field row yielded 24 spo ears and 7 normal ears. In 1996, the spotrait was 70% in occurrence, 400 hills were propagated as Ripp Hill(“RH”) Plot 3 male.

Using only two of the best spo trait ears from 1996 for the 1997planting, the 1997 harvest gave approximately 80% clearly spo-earedplants with some slight spo ears, slightly expanded at the tip but notfully expressing due to local environmental effects. The spo ears werethen bulked from Ripp Hill plot 3 as an F12 near homozygous line andemployed later for tests and breeding purposes as a spo maize inbred, 97RippHill male (hereinafter “97RHspo”). The spo trait in the 97RHspofamily was recessive. Some plants in largely spo populations had tasselvestiges, these plants where termed “scalped” tassel.

In our field preparations at generations F8-F12 it was necessary toplant more hills than normally needed to propagate during the inbreedingprocess to make certain that good pollen shed could be obtained tocontinue selection of other useful traits such as husk cover, pollenshed, and disease resistance, and the like.

In 2004, 97RHspo yielded approximately 60% spo-eared plants on averagewhen grown in isolation in South Carolina, as opposed to prior work donein Wisconsin. The field was heat stressed which is believed to have hada role in the expression of “spo” in this family.

Testing the dominance of the spo trait from 97RHspo in a backcross testof normal ear by spo, crossed as (norm ear×spo)×spo, found the spo traitwas recessive in the F1 generation and gave a 50% expression inbackcross-1 as if it were a single recessive genetic trait.

In 1997, we examined a hybrid of two “spo” family plants. The female waspartially spo condition from a different family, VM 017, than the male,and the male was a precursor to 97RHspo. The hybrid row ears yielded asfollows as grown in a 12 hill row:

TABLE 3 Ounces dry weight seed per plant Hybrid plant with normal ears:4.33 Hybrid plant with spo ears: 5.36

It was noted that the flat spo of the inbred was now altered in thespo×spo hybrid to an enlarged more round ear tip with normal underlyingtissue, generally a greater kernel number at the distal tip than normalears. Kernel rows numbering 18-32 on average were produced per ear atthe tip, but as many as 48 small ear tip kernel rows would also developon some plants. The base of the ears had generally 14-16 kernel rows.The hybrid spo×spo plant possessed cob tissue which had been filled-inby the effect heterosis had on the center and periphery tissue of thecob. This generally formed a more firm ear than the more fragile tip ofthe spo inbred parent.

This practical control of the hybrid ear tip tissue and increase inkernel number in each hybrid spo ear homozygous for spo is a highlyadvantageous development over the prior art. Generally, plant breedersdiscard any misshapen or off type ear during their selection process.For the present invention, it was necessary to define spo type inbredsto establish the new method of production.

Geneticists typically discard misshapen or odd ears as an environmentalquirk which never breeds true. Since the genetic control elements arerecessive, breeders would not see spo ears in the normal inbred orhybrid×spo test crosses. Because the discovered spo trait is recessive,it is not easily detected in commercial F1 test crosses involving commonmaize parents. The discovery mechanism to develop spo eared plants froma divergent cross of normal eared inbreds (standard maize parents) alsohas not been employed to produce such inbred parents as described hereinas “spo” or ears with an expanded ear tip and increased ear tip kernelrow numbers.

Now, useful hybrid corn production using spo×spo is possible since theenlarged ears shelled easily with a mechanical sheller. It was probablethat the heterozygous genes in the parent hybrids for cob traits otherthan “spo” caused the plant tissues around the spo form to fill in andassume a fully expanded round to bulb like or spindle-like ear at thehybrid ear tip. There was a seed yield advantage in the spo hybridversus non-spo hybrids from the same cross. The spo hybrid appearedsuited to the commercial seed corn sheller with minimal lossexpectation. Most flatten parent ear tips of the parent inbreds weregenerally modified in the hybrid form to stronger ears supported by firmunderlying cob tissue. The flat tipped spo or slightly enlarged inbredparent ear, in contrast, may have a considerable weakness at the tipwhich, if projected into the hybrid, might preclude its use and promotemechanical harvest losses. Thus, heterozygotes at genetic loci otherthan spo appear to fill in the ear and overcome the spo parent's inbredear tip weakness where it occurs. However, many spo ears are not flatand may just be enlarged bulb shaped ears as inbreds at the tip of theear.

Prior to the research disclosed herein on spo and bif traits, and themaking of inbreds from plants expressing these traits, breeders wouldhave considered the spo ear trait a defect and discarded them. Thus, inthe USA there are no commercially available spo inbred parent lines onthe market and no hybrids of this type. A second spo family was formedfrom normal ear inbred plants as follows in Table 4:

TABLE 4 Year Plot or Line # Generation 1984 H99 × A632Ht 1985 H99 ×A632Htx2 F1 1986 86-56-1 F2 1987 STCO-I ear20 F3 1988 BX94 ear A3 F41989 Bulk Plot 2-62 F5 1990 C. Hill ear 017 (spo ears F6 present inplot) 1991 STCO-II @7/18 spo F7 1992 Bif plot #017-2 spo F8 1993 TX plot199@8/10-1 spo F9 1994 94 STCO-I spo F10 1995 PH-I F10

H99 and A632Ht are common inbred parent lines employed in the corn seedindustry. H99 is a public inbred from Purdue University. Many ears inthe F3-F6 generations were spo and bif types. At the F6 stage plantsfrom a single ear inter-pollinated by spo males was selected as F6 ear#017 (designated as VM 017). It was a normal tip dominant ear. The F6ear VM 017 was grown, in 1991, as an F7 in a plot termed STCO-II,wherein the spo trait in its progeny was selected for increase as F8through F10 generation. In the F10 plot grown in isolation, plants wereselected against disease and insect damage, and for agronomic fitness.Plants were also selected for spo or bif trait, husk cover of the ear,and dry down. Twenty-four spo/bif ears were harvested and 25 normal earsat F10. These were taken to the laboratory where the following data wascollected, as shown in Table 5:

TABLE 5 Grams dry Grams dry wt. Cm ear length seed/ear cob/3 cm ear tipSpo ear: 14.7 (1.3) 61.5 (17.4) 1.27 (0.49) Normal ear (std 13.7 (2.0)57.8 (18.1) 1.07 (0.59) dev.)

In 2004, a plant was increased from 86-56-1 (H99×A632×2 S1). At the F9stage in 2004, the spo trait was 70% occurrence. The genetic purity ofthe line as judged by the number of self pollinations was greater than97%. Since the occurrence of spo was less than 100% at near purity,there may be slightly different degrees of penetrance of expression aseffected by environmental or complementary elements of the corn genome.

In this family, the “spo” ears of a highly inbred population had agreater ear length, produced more dry seeds per ear, and had a greaterdry weight of cob at the ear tip as would be expected from the spo shapeof the ear. It is important to note that such an increase in dry weightof cob tissue at the tip of any maize ear has not been quantified in thepast. This procedure employing ear tip tissue mass as a yield selectionmethod is a new breeding method for maize.

Our result indicated that one value of a spo eared plant is per se seedyield increase of inbreds employed for parent seed production. Parentseeds are sold at much higher prices per unit weight than hybrid seeddue to their proprietary nature and cost of production. Production ofpure parent seeds must be done in isolated fields so that pollencontamination does not occur. Parent seed fields must be rogued free of“out crossed hybrid plants” before pollen shed. The high research costleads to more value per bushel for parent seeds. Spo gene plants haveexpanded ear tips which vary slightly from family to family as to thetip width of the spo ear. However, the spo phenotype is easilydistinguishable in the field as a visible marker at harvest. Thus, thespo effect may be employed as an inbred marker when used with otherstandard descriptors.

Other than the present invention, there has not been any prior spoinbreds based on Mo 17, A632 or H99 parents. Such phenotypic markers mayimprove the detection of patented varieties for determininginfringement, as well as improving the enforcement ability of contractsbetween the trait proprietor and licensee, or federally regulatedproduction.

One method of selection from generation to generation for developing aspo inbred is harvesting the ears, drying them, and then calculating thegrams seed yield or grams dry cob yield per three centimeter tip of theear and comparing it to a set portion of the ear base. This was done for23 spo ears of 95PH-I with the following results, as shown in Table 6:

TABLE 6 mean cob tip dry wt. = 1.27 g, best plant 2.13 g standarddeviation = 0.49 g mean base cob wt. = 3.31 g standard deviation = 0.54g avg ratio tip/base = 0.38 g, best plant 0.60 g

The ratio of tip to base weight for the spo population was on average0.38 vs. 0.34 for normal ears in this family. When breeding forincreased ear tip weight, plants with a higher cob tip to base weightratio may be selected, which, in the above case, was a plant with a 2.13g tip weight whose tip to base ratio was 0.60 g. Alternatively, plantssimply with the highest tip weight per unit length may be selected. Thetip is isolated by shelling the ears, placing the weighed seeds innumbered packets corresponding to the ear, and cutting the cob 3centimeters back from ear tip with and weighing the 3 centimeter cutpieces. The plants with the best increase in weight of cob tip, or seedplus cob tip, are saved for propagation. Judgment must be employed bythe breeder as to whether the enlarged ears are useful in a practicalsense when compared to other traits of the plant such as havingsufficient husk to cover the enlarged ear and sufficient diseaseresistance and the like. The selections procedures other than for “spo”traits have been well described.

As previously stated, ear VM 017 was isolated, in 1992, as a normal earin a spo plot. It was heterozygous for the spo gene as we isolated spoplants from it when it was self-pollinated. Bif plot row 8 spo×VM 017were also crossed in 1992, and the progeny tested, in 1993, for itshybrid effects. Bif row 8 was derived from Mo 17×P3906 as discussedabove for Table 1.

The hybrid progeny yield test was conducted as follows: Commercialhybrid P3475 was planted in the field adjacent to the spo×spo hybrid.The experimental hybrids were planted in 96.5 cm wide rows at 15 hillsper row and 23 centimeters apart within the row. A few ears were pickedfrom replicate rows and dried and shelled. Their moisture was determinedwith a standard corn seed moisture meter and dry weights were thencalculated. In two rows the spo and normal ears were segregated andshelled and dried separately. Normal ears appeared because one of theparents was not yet homozygous for spo (#017). Results are shown inTable 7.

TABLE 7 Units mean dry seed weight in ounces per ear: Non-spo earplants: Spo-ear plants: Bif-8 spo × 017 spo het 4.6 5.9 P3475 (rownearest 6.5 — above) Bif-8 spo × 017 spo het 3.8 6.0 P3475 (rowsnearest) 6.6, 5.7 —

Within the experimental row the “spo” trait increased ear seed yielddramatically compared to “non-spo” eared plants, but not yet as high ascommercial. hybrid P3475, a later maturing plant. However, without anysignificant annual selection by yield testing prior to this first hybridcross, the spo×spo cross approached the ear yield of P3475. The latteris a plant which represents many years of research by dozens oftechnicians and geneticists at Pioneer Hi-Bred Co.

Additionally, in 1983, the hybrid P3780 was purchased and the F2 seedfrom it planted. The sequence of plantings was as follows in Table 8:

TABLE 8 Year Backcross Female Line Backcross spo Male 1984 F1 P3780 F2Mo 17 × 3906 1985 F2 row 211 made F3 Mo 17 × 3906 1986 F3 row 88 ear 1made F4 86-65-8 1987 F4 A1110-4 madeF5 S.B2-5 1988 F5 3M9-28 made F6 3M91989 Plot G-3M9*** 1990 crossed by Bif-16 3M9-28 × Bif 16spo × 90Bif-16spo 1991 3M9-28 × Bif-I6 × 2* × 91(Bif-16S1)** 1992 3M9-28 ×Bif-16 × 3* ***Parent of Bif-16 **large spo ear tip employed as a male.*1.27 cm split tip ear used as female in backcross.

In the above crosses, 3M9-28×Bif-16×2 had a 1.27 cm indented ear in aspo shape. Six ears of backcross-1 gave 4 spo ears, two of which hadindented character. Thus, the increased tip tissue was expressing at arate of 66% of ears in this small sample. The spo trait could beexpressed easily in the backcross onto germplasm from P3780. Thisexperiment, while tedious and taking several years to conduct, providedevidence that broader commercial germplasm could be used incorporatingthe spo trait as a genetic determinant to confer expanded ear tipphenotypes.

A typical indented ear of 3M928×Bif-16×3 was closely examined. Itpossessed a 3.4 cm indentation in a spo-shaped tip. One indentation orbranch of the ear tip possessed 18 kernel rows of seed, the other 14kernel rows. The base of the ear, taken a distance from the base tip, tothe start of the expanded portion of the ear had 14 seed kernel rows.Twenty percent of the ear length was represented by the expanded “spo”structure.

In 1993, examination was done on a typical parent ear of Bif plot row 26which showed spo character after five self pollinations of a backcrosshybrid (Sp288×H99)H99. H99 was obtained from Downing Foundation Seed Co.Neither parent ear was spo in nature prior to the backcross. The dry spoear was 14.5 cm long with a 6.0 cm spo length at the tip which was 4 cmwide. It was indented to give two shallow branches. The spo length was41% of the ear length. The kernel row number at the tip was 32 for eachbranch vs. 24 at the base of the ear. The kernels were well developedand covered the branches entirely. From the 1992 harvest, we comparednormal ears vs. full spo ears from several rows as to ear length, drycob weight, weight of 5 cm base and 7 cm tip. The grams dry weight percentimeter of cob at the base and tip was calculated. Weights were afterdrying to a constant dry weight. The results are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 g dry weight g/cm @ pedigree# ear type ear length whole cob baseg/cm @ tip #017 normal 17.5 cm 26.5 2..0 1.6 #017 spo 17.5 cm 28.9 1.41.9 Bif 26/29 normal 13.3 18.9 2.3 0.7 Bif26/29 spo 14.6 29.5 3.0 1.7All numbers were rounded to the nearest tenth unit.

The spo ears were generally heavier with a minimum of 9% increased eartip weight of cob tissue. The whole cob weight of spo ears was 9-35%heavier than normal cobs in this observation. Other pedigrees wereobserved in which we segregated out spo ears vs. non-spo ears from eachrow. These gave the following results from a sample size of 3-6 ears perlot, as shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Mean units ounces dry seed per ear Plot Hybrid Code Non-spo SpoBif-11 × Bif-2 4.9 6.2 Bif-29 × 19-2 5.0 6.5 Bif-26 × 25-3 4.1/3.56.8/6.2 Bif-12 × 19-1 5.1 6.7

100% spo ears in each row was not achieved in the above trials becauseat this stage of breeding both parents were not shedding pollencompletely homozygous for the spo trait. However, it was apparent atharvest that the spo ears on hybrid plants gave advantage in seed yieldand contributed to yield within the same pedigree row.

In 1993, three full set spo ears and three full set normal ears wereharvested from the center of a row expressing both traits in the samepedigree. This was 3m9-28×Bif16×3×89Bulk2-101-102 lot 5. The goal was tosee again if in the entire absence of any insect feeding, disease orsilk cutting effects on the ear tip, how the ear seed yield compared.The closely observed data were as follows for three fully set ears asshown in Table 11:

TABLE 11 Fully Set Hybrid Ear Data Normal Ear Tip Spo Ear Tip Mean wholeear weight 199.9 g (19.3) 266.8 g (24.9) Mean seed weight/ear at 164.3 g(17.0)   222 g (16.0) pick Mean seed dry wt. 126.4 g (8.3) 179.6 g(10.9) (standard deviation)

The spo trait gave a greater seed yield. It was concluded that the spotrait was a means of increasing corn seed yield and an adjunct tostandard breeding of maize. We concluded that spo trait in an inbred canbe selected or derived from non-spo and non-furcate heterozygous parentsby crossing hybrids, synthetic populations and inbreds of differentorigin and selecting the progeny for increased ear tip weight and size.The spo trait may be fixed during inbreeding as a novel heritabledeterminant derived from the exchange of or mutation of DNA which occurnaturally, i.e. such as crossing over of chromosomes from normal earedplants. Regardless of its molecular origin, the fixation of the spotrait was evidenced by the greater percentage occurrence of spo ears asa result of the selection process and its appearance in hybrids.

An exemplary family of spo inbreds was formed as follows in Table 12:

TABLE 12 Year Plot Generation 1985 back cross of H99 onto an H99 hybrid(Sp288) was completed in an isolated field 1986 F2 1987 row 7112 F3 1988row PP 11I7-5 F4 1989 row Bulk 2-101-102 spo F5 1992 row Bif-26 spo F61993 row Block@code20 F7 1994 row Pump House I male F8 spo 1996 plot 11Amale spo F9 1997 location 6 of 96-11A spo F10 1999 farm II-c F11

This family produced excellent spo ears which are termed “11Aspo.”Sixteen 11A male spo ears were dried for 3 days at 125° F. Then theirdry length was determined as 13.2 cm (1.5). Ten ears were compared fortheir seed yield capacity as kernel row numbers at the base of the cob(1 cm above butt of ear) versus kernel rows at 8-9 cm above the base.The results were significant. Average kernel row number at the base 18.6(2.3) and at the 8-9 cm level of the ear 22.7 (1.8). For the populationexamined, the seed rows increased on the average by 4.1 toward the tipof the ear versus 1 cm for the base. This is the reason for a higherseed yield from our innovation in an inbred parent. The genetic resultsof this are discussed below.

Commercial hybrid RK76 was backcrossed by “11Aspo” and the progenyshowed 23 spo ears and 24 normal ears (1:1 segregation). The one to onespo to normal ratio in the backcross progeny indicated a highprobability of a single recessive gene or very closely linked recessivegenes inherited together are responsible for the spo trait.(RK76×spo)×spo was crossed by (P3475×spo)spo and the F2 progeny gave 94spo eared plants and 64 normal ears. (DeKaib hybrid 512×11Aspo)11Asposhowed 7 spo and 11 non-spo in the backcross progeny. In spo family11Aspo, new spo inbreds were recovered by backcrossing P3475×11A andself-pollinating the backcross with selection for spo, diseaseresistance and good husk cover of the ear. This family is termedVM179spo2000.

In 2004, VM179spo2000 was grown to produce S4 ears (self four) on S3plants of P3475×11A×2. The S3 plants bore 69% spo ears of a well formednature on plants with excellent agronomic traits. The plants had 11tassel branches, red cobs and a mean stalk strength by crushing in aCarver press of 676#.

It has been shown herein that 11Aspo can be backcrossed onto two widelyemployed hybrids P3475 and RK60 to derive spo lines from widely employedhybrid germplasm; and, selfing Mo 17×hybrid P3906 to derive spo lines.In the case of P3475 the backcross by 11Aspo showed the trait can berapidly selected to modify the tip contribution of the ear to ear weightand yield.

The spo trait once isolated can be transferred to many inbreds for theirimprovement in per se yield and in hybrid crosses, including but notlimited to, A554, A632Ht, A632, A641, A634, A619, A619Ht, A670, A672,B14, B14A, B37, B68, B88, B75, B76, B79, B73, B83, B84, B85, B87, B88,B52, C103, C123, CB59G, CD1, CD2, C123, CG9, CG11, CG12, CG13, CG14,CG15, CG17, CG18, CG20, CG576-3, CH581-13, CH591-23, CH592, CH593,CH611, CH646, CH661-17, CH665-1, CH671 and derivatives; CH711, CH753-4,CK24, CK69, CM105, C0109, C0150, C0220, CO252, CQ169, CQ173, CQ187,CQ188, CQ193, CQ196, CQ206, CQ213, CQ214, WF9, W23, CQ704, DF11, DF13,DF21Ht, F488, F578, FR3, FR22, FR27rhm, FR807, FR1130, FR1193, FR809,FR810, GT210wx, H99, H94, H95, H108, H109, H115, H125, Hi31, Hi35, K201,Ky128, LH53, LH74, LH55, LH92, LH98, LH106, LHE137, LH143, LH146, Mo17,Mo40, Mo42, Mo401, Mp488, Mp490, Mp701, Mp703, MS24, MS71, MS92, MS74,MS132, MS214, N28, N31, NC230, NC250, ND230, ND246, ND255, ND256, ND101,ND468, ND481, NY821, Oh43, Oh45, Oh51, Oh422, OH561, Pa91, Pa347, Pa409,Pa878, R177, R806, R182, RB73, RB73Htrhm, SC01, SC343, SD5, SD10, SD22,SD37, SDp288, SDp310, SDp312, SDp84, SDp309, T232, T250, Tx2783, Va26,Va35, VA21, VA43, Va59, Va95, Va96, Va98, W182B, W540, W117, W64A,W64Arms, W454. Desired traits transferred through the backcrossingprocess that can be combined with the recessive trait for expanded eartip include, but are not limited to, herbicide resistance, insectresistance, resistance to bacterial disease, resistance to fungaldisease, resistance to viral disease, modified fatty acid, modifiedcarbohydrate metabolism, decreased phytate content, male sterility andcorn endosperm with improved nutritional quality. For a furtherdiscussion of backcrossing methods, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 6,914,177,incorporated fully herein by reference.

Certain synthetics may also be converted to spo trait such as “Iowastiff stalk synthetic” from which have been derived many inbred lines inthe past through test crossing. The above inbreds may have resistancegenes for northern leaf blight, corn smuts, wind and fungal inducedlodging, corn rust, downy mildew, anthracnose, southern leaf blight, andgrey leaf spot added by various backcross procedures without impairingthe spo trait.

Additionally, the advent of new molecular biological techniques hasallowed the isolation and characterization of genetic elements withspecific functions, such as encoding specific protein products.Scientists in the field of plant biology have developed a stronginterest in engineering the genome of plants to contain and expressforeign genetic elements, or additional, or modified versions of nativeor endogenous genetic elements in order to alter the traits of a plantin a specific manner. Any DNA sequences, whether from a differentspecies or from the same species, that are inserted into the genomeusing transformation are referred to herein collectively as“transgenes”. Over the last fifteen to twenty years several methods forproducing transgenic plants have been developed, and the presentinvention, in particular embodiments, also relates to transformedversions of the inbred maize lines expressing the spo trait, as well ashybrid combinations thereof, as discussed above. A genetic trait whichhas been engineered into a particular maize plant using transformationtechniques, could be moved into another line using traditional breedingtechniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example,a backcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgene from atransformed maize plant to an elite inbred line, and the resultingprogeny would then comprise the transgene(s). Also, if an inbred linewas used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could becrossed to a different inbred in order to produce a transgenic hybridmaize plant. Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plantgenome using transformation. These elements include but are not limitedto genes; coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specificpromoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. Seethe traits, genes and transforming methods listed in U.S. Pat. No.6,118,055, which is herein incorporated fully by reference.

As discussed above relating to desired traits transferred through thebackcrossing process, such desired traits may include, in combinationwith the recessive trait for expanded ear tip, herbicide resistance,insect resistance, resistance to bacterial disease, resistance to fungaldisease, resistance to viral disease, modified fatty acid, modifiedcarbohydrate metabolism, decreased phytate content, male sterility andcorn endosperm with improved nutritional quality. For a furtherdiscussion of plant transformation methods well known to those skilledin the art, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 6,914,177, as well as U.S. Pat. No.6,642,441 incorporated fully herein by reference.

Accordingly, a preferred method for enhancing hybrid yield is to isolateby the process herein the spo trait in an inbred, then backcross the spoinbred to commercially useful inbred parents to make a spo hybrid,example B73spo×Mo17 spo, which is locally adapted.

It is clear that a means for increasing the yield of corn inbred parentsand hybrids by isolation of a recessive gene for an expanded ear tip isdisclosed. Using this “spo” trait in single cross and backcross hybridsamong genetically diverse inbred parents, breeders can achieve increasedyield. The parent hybrids and inbreds need not express the expanded eartip character at the outset of the selection crossing program. Thecharacter may be selected from naturally segregating normal earedpopulations such as a synthetic or synthetic×inbred population. Thesegeneral processes of gene modification are already known as inherent inthe maize plant such as chromosome crossing over, mutation, deletion,mutator genes and epistasis of closely linked genes. The prior art ofmaize structure and its genetics reports on many kinds of distorted andvariant ears, the prior art does not teach how to employ and isolateuseful variations for a hybrid and inbred yield improvement program.Thus, the present invention is a significant advantage over the priorart teachings.

Hybrids made by crossing “spo heterozygotes”×“near pure spo” inbreds aswell as “near pure spo homozygotes”×“near pure spo homozygotes” showedthe trait is manageable in the hybrid to increase ear tip yield. Asdemonstrated, the spo trait can be developed from common inbreds andtheir hybrids such as the inbreds A632, Sp288, H99, and Mo17, and fromcommercially available hybrid germplasm as exemplified by DeKalb 512,P3906, and P3475. The spo trait is likely a single locus which has fairpenetrance in all hybrids where it is homozygous in the parents asderived by the disclosed method of selection. Results from crossingspo×spo and spo×non-spo inbreds would be expected as follows, as shownin Table 13:

TABLE 13 HYBRID EAR TIP RESULTS Male Parent Female parent 1. Non-Spo 2.Expanded or Spo 1. Non-spo or normal tip normal tip normal tip 2. spoparent or expanded normal tip increased spo or tip expanded tip

In the breeding of commercial maize today, the inbred ears required toobtain the category spo×spo hybrid in Table 13, would be discarded asdeformed or abnormal. However, according to the methods of the presentinvention, the advantage of increased seed yield from an expanded eartip resulting from homozygous recessive genes in a hybrid is now areality.

Maize inbred and hybrid plants with parallel sided normal ears orslightly conical sided normal ears may be crossed in the first stage ofthe process discussed herein. Such crosses may be inbred×inbred (A); orhybrid single, double or three-way cross×inbred (B); syntheticpopulation×inbred or hybrid (C); inbred backcross (D); or hybrid byhybrid (E); each of these crosses forms the population to be selectedduring inbreeding. These crosses and types of hybrids are described inthe art by such texts as Principles of Plant Breeding (R. W. Allard) andHybridization of Crops Plants (by Fehr and Hadley), and various articlesby Am. Soc. of Agronomy.

The products of each of the above crosses is designated herein bystandard breeding terminology as an “F1” or first filial generation. TheF1 generation seeds from a random sample of ten to five-hundred innumber are planted in hills and the resulting plants are self-pollinated(“selfed”) to form F2 generation seed on the F1 sporophyte. At thisstage F2 seeds are collected from plants with regards to diseaseresistance, husk cover, flowering time and pollen shed in a normalfashion consistent with the art of maize breeding. No attention need bepaid to the ear traits in the F2 harvest. These seeds are plantedear-to-row to provide F3 seeds on the F2 sporophytes. The F2 may beplanted in from 1-40 rows since the parent is still largelyheterozygous. One should recall that the cob of the corn ear is the F2on which F3 seeds are formed by pollination. The best appearing F2plants from the standpoint of agronomic traits such as growth, diseaseresistance, pollen shed, and the like are again selected as single ears.F3 seeds are collected and seeds planted in a few rows from each earwherein 25 or more plants will result from each ear, or in isolation asa block of hills totaling 250-500 hills/block (which will depend in parton the amount of seed available). The seeds from different F3 plantsshould not be mixed. Plants in this large row or block may beself-pollinated by hand, sib pollinated by hand or allowed tointer-pollinate openly as long as no other pollen is available as acontaminate. At this stage the F4 seeds are produced. The ears bearingthe F4 seeds are carefully screened for ears having one or more of thefollowing traits:

1. a tendency toward a split tip at the distal end of the cob;

2. an enlarged cob toward the tip with more kernel rows at the mid-partof the ear and beyond toward the tip than at the base. For example, ifan ear has 16 kernel rows at the base and 20 kernel rows appearing atthe mid-portion of the ear and beyond, this would be a key finding andthat the ear should be saved for propagation as an F4 sporophyte;

3. single ears with a greater weight of tissue (mass) toward the tip ofthe ear, or more harvestable seed in number from the distal portion ofthe cob than the lower portion of the ear using a few centimeters inwhich to judge the seed set per cob centimeter length, and more floretsby number in the distal upper half or so of the ear than the base.Ideally ears can be selected which show a decided expansion of the cobin the distal 50% of the ear which bears seed; and,

4. an ear with a transition “zone” of seeds (florets) crammed apparentlyrandomly together into 18-24 kernel rows with lesser kernel row numbersfound below the transition zone toward the base of the cob.

Ears which appear normal in kernel row number and floret geometry alongthe length of the ear and which would normally be selected for theirsize, weight and good appearance, such as straight kernel rows, earlength and narrowing uniform symmetry toward the tip are discarded, orheld as backcross females for later, in favor of ears meeting one ormore of the above criteria (1-4).

If no ears display the desired selection criteria described in items 1-4above at the F3 or F4 stage of inbreeding, several (20 or more ears)from good plants are carried forward to the F5, F6, or F7 generationsand the cycle of selection is repeated again. One should carry forwardmore seed for planting and selection at the F5-F7 generations than inthe F2-F4, preferably 500 or more hills should be planted each year inthe advanced generations. It is not unusual in some populations that thephenotypic trait of expanded ear tip as describe herein may not beisolated as a selectable phenotype on an agronomically fit plant untilF6 or beyond. This means several years effort before a useful result isseen or obtained. For example, in the development of line 97RHspo thespo trait was not identifed until ear SE-1 was found in an F7 populationof a cross made seven generations earlier involving Mo17 crossed by ahybrid.

Once the trait of an expanded ear or an ear with greater seed numbertoward the tip than at the base (as a result of greater kernel rownumber/floret number) has been isolated, it is carried forward to assessthe heritability of the trait in subsequent generations of inbreeding.Ear to row breeding of the plants showing the desired trait is practiceduntil the percentage expression of the trait becomes fixed or expressesat a high percentage in the progeny. At each cycle of selection “normal”ears with no change in kernel row number toward the tip or a decliningkernel row number toward the tip are discarded in favor of ears with theincreased tissue mass and/or floret number toward the distal portion ofthe ear as compared to the base of the ear. At apparent fixation of theear type in a high percentage of the plants the seeds from sister earsmay be bulked and considered a true breeding population or inbred line.Since this occurs generally at F6 and beyond the plants' other physicaltraits have little variance in appearance.

Importantly, the expression of the spo trait of an expanded ear tip andear tip seed yield may vary somewhat from year to year depending on theenvironment. Generally, 40%-100% of the inbred plants selected for theincreased ear seed yield toward the tip will express the trait at ahighly homozygous stage year after year on essentially identical inbredplants. This percentage expression, also known as penetrance in geneticterms, is effected by modifier genes and the enviornment from thedifferent families in which the inbred may have been derived. Suchmodifier genes might for example be turned on and off by alterations inthe environment. The line 11Aspo inbred has a high percentagepenetrance, approximately 90% or greater, while the line 97RHspo has alower penetrance. In the inbreeding process of the present invention,high penetrance or expression is desired. The spo trait is recessive butits penetrance is such that in hybrids made from spo eared plants, asignificant percentage of the hybrid made will have greater seed yieldcontribution toward the tip of the ear as a result of our breedingmethod employed to make the inbred. In each hybrid cross made from spoinbreds made by this process, ears with the spo trait may be found inthe hybrid F1 progeny rows. These hybrid spo ears have increased floretnumber at distal portion of the ear, many have an expanded cob which maybe spindle shaped.

Thus, the spo inbred plants, as termed herein can be made by essentiallydiscarding normal eared maize plants during inbreeding procedures toproduce hybrids with expanded cobs and increased kernel numbers towardthe tip of the ear.

Plant Descriptions:

97RHspo: A maize inbred derived from the pollination of Mo17(Missouri 17USDA release)×hybrid pollen from P3906. At purity the plant heightaverages 139 cm with a variance of 14 cm. The leaf number per plant isgenerally twelve (12) rarely ten or 14. By leaf counts the mean numberwas 11.4 (standard deviation 1.8). Leaves are wide and upright with anaverage angle to the upper stalk of 15-16 degrees. Ear node heightaverage is 39 cm above the ground. Leaf length is 42.3 (standarddeviation 1.5) vs. 59-60 for the standard inbred H99 grown in the samefield. Tassel branches average 5 per plant but may be 3-7 with over 50%of the plants with 5 branches and never 10-14 branches/tassel. Theanthers are PMS 702 pink-red. Cobs are red. The third leaf down from thetassel (tassel-3) has a mean width of 8.0 cm at a distance of 20 cm fromthe stalk (standard dev. 1.3 cm) At 30 cm from the stalk the same leafhas a mean width of 5.1 cm (standard dev. 1.6). This decrease in leafwidth prescribes a sharply pointed leaf with upright angle. In contrast,H99 inbred (Purdue University—USDA release) has a width of 7.5 and 7.4cm at these respective distances. 97RHspo has a mean distance betweenthe ligule of the top leaf and the second leaf of 3.9 cm (3.87 rounded)while for the standard inbred H99 this distance is 7.3 cm (standard dev.1.1). Many plants appears to have the top leaf and the second leafarising near to or from the same node because the ligules oppose oneanother at the top leaves. 97RHspo contains a recessive determinant forear shape modification which has an average penetrance of approximately60% in the phenotype. This determinant causes the ear to have morekernel rows further from the base of the ear than at the base, e.g. 8-10cm from the base. The length of the dry ear is between 10-14.5 cm with14-16 kernel rows appearing at the base of the female spike or ear andgreater kernel rows may occur at 9-10 cm from the base of the femalespike in the majority of plants. A transition zone from lower to higherkernel row numbers occurs generally 5-7 cm from the base of the ear. Thetip of the dry ear distal from the stalk generally has a flattenedappearance in approximately 60% of the plants. The width of the ear atits widest point is 4-5 cm freshly harvested, and a thickness of 3.0-3.6cm wide in the dry state. The kernels are slightly elongate if shelledfrom the area of the ear with the highest kernel row number and becomemore rounded if shelled from the extreme base or tip of the ear. Thekernels lack specific distinguishing features. The kernels have a yellowcap 1-2 mm in thickness on a slightly darker yellow base.

Prior to pollination the ear habit in the field is to show a wide yellowsilk brush which forms when the wider ear structure pushes the huskaside. The silk is pale yellow and not particularly distinguishing.Under average growing conditions in the southern United States, 97RHspois 3-4 days earlier on average than H99 by contrast.

The plants have a high degree of resistance to such diseases as northernand southern leaf blight and northern corn rust. Looking down a row onesees an upright dark green plant with large sharp pointed leaves at thetop of the plant and uniform tassels with limited spike number. The earshave abundant silk and a widish appearance at the tip due to theunderlying enlarged cob structure.

Plant 11Aspo: Plant 11Aspo is from a midwestern hybrid maize plantSp288×H99 backcrossed by H99. The mean plant height of 11Aspo is 148 cm.Leaf number is 12-14 per plant with a mean leaf number of 12.4. Anthersare always yellow. Tassels have a mean of 7.3 branches but some may have4 or as high as 14. Plants are 3-4 days earlier flowering than H99. Themean leaf angle at the tassel-3 leaf is generally 27 degrees to thestalk (standard dev. 5.4) with a few at 20 or 30 degrees. Ear height is54 cm from the ground to the ear bearing node. Leaf length at thetassel-3 leaf is 39 cm and about 20 cm less than H99 by contrast. At 20cm from the stalk the leaf width for the tassel-3 leaf is 6.6 (standarddev. 1.3) cm which is 20-25% narrower than H99. At 30 cm from the stalkthe tassel-3 leaf is 4.6 (standard dev. 1.4) cm wide and 38% less thanH99. The distance from the lowest anther bearing tassel spike to the topleaf is 4.6 cm (standard dev. 0.8) which is very short compared to H99at 7.3 (standard dev. 1.1).

Ears of 11Aspo have a red cob and on average 18.6 kernel rows (std. dev.2.3) at the cob base. At 8-9 centimeters from the base ears have 27.7kernel rows (1.8 std. dev.). A few ears may show as many as eight addedkernel rows at the widest portion of the ear vs. the base of the ear.Greater than 90% of the ears of 11Aspo will have more kernel rows athalf way or just over half way up the cob than at the base of the cob.This gives the whole ear an expanded appearance and, as discussedherein, is termed the spo effect.

A fully set dry ear is 12-15 cm long (mean 13 cm), 4.5-5.5 cm wide at adistance of 8-9 cm from its base and 3.5-4 cm thick, giving the wholeear a slightly flattened appearance toward its tip. Kernel rows at theear base are typically 18-20 and 24-32 at the widest point. The kernelsare dented, yellow and variable in shape. Those kernels harvested fromthe widest part of the ear may be 4-5 sided.

A comparison of 11Aspo, 97Rhspo and H99 is provided in Table 14.

TABLE 14 Trait or Property Inbred Commercial of the Maize 11Aspo Inbred97RHspo inbred H99 Comment: Plant type: 1. sweet; 2 2 2 2 dent; 3 flintDays to maturity as 90-93 88-92 96-100 110 days in black layer in S.Carolina Midwest for H99 Centimeters from 148.2 (30) 139.1 (13.9) 166(9.3) ground to tassel tip N = 15 N = 30 N = 14 Centimeters to top ear54.4 (15.3) 39.0 (8.5) 61.9 (4.0) bearing node N = 8 N = 32 N = 14Percentage tillered <3 <3 plants Centimeters from 4.6 (0.8) 3.9 7.3(1.1) lowest anther bearing N = 6 N = 32 N = 16 spike to top leaf ligulePercentage silked 1.63 1.85 2.0 ears/plant N = 30 N = 30 N = 30 Earssetting seed per 1 1 1 plant av. conditions Stalk color 30 days 1. PMS382 1. PMS 377 1. PMS 382 after pollen shed 1. with a few 2. PMS 382 2.PMS 370 above ear 2 lower to PMS375 stalk 2. PMS377 Silk color: 1.yellow- 1 2 1 green PMS380; 2. pale green PMS374, slight pink may occuron a few ends <2% Width of exposed silk 3 3 2 This feature is brush justafter pollen very shed: 1 = narrow 0.5-2 cm.; distinguishing for 2 = avg2-3 cm 3+ spo maize wide many 3 to 6 cm wide Tassel branches 7.3 (4.4)4.6 (1.7) 8.6 (3.6) N = 8 N = 40 N = 16 Centimeters tassel 28.3 (2.2)31.2 (3.4) Not noted length N = 16 N = 22 Anther color: 1 = PMS 1 2 1386 2 = PMS 702 deep pink-red Kernel row number @ 18.6 (2.3) 15 (1.7)13.6 (1.2) 1-2 cm. from ear base N = 10 N = 20 N = 14 Median Kernel rows@ 18 16 14 ear base Kernel row number at 22.7 (2.3) 17.9 (2.2) 12.9(1.0) H99 like normal 8-9 cm. from ear base range of 24-32 corn declinesin kernel row number toward tip of the ear Percentage field 90 +/− 10 60+/− 10 0 Penetrance of expression of wide ear expression can tip varysomewhat with environment from year to year. Cob color red red whiteSeed color Crown of Whole ear n.a. kernel is aspect before yellow 2xshelling is yellow base of kernel PMS 803 which is MPS1162X is seed capcolor Seed shape L = L = 7.5 mm (0.6) n.a. 9.5 mm (1.2) W = 7.1 mm (0.8)W = N = 25 5.4 mm (0.7 N = 25 Gms. 100 kernel 20.3@ 0% 21.91 @ 5% n.aweight @% moisture moisture moisture Starch type: 1. sweet 3 3 3 2. waxy3. normal Leaf traits: cm. length 39.1 (4.1) 42.3 (1.5) N = 22 59.7(2.3) N = 20 N = 18 Leaf trait: cm width@ 6.6 (1.3) 8.0 (1.3) 7.5 (2.0)20 cm from base; Cm 4.6 (1.4) 5.1 (1.6) N = row 7.4 (0.4) width @30 cmfrom N = 17 of 15. N = row of 15 base Adaxial angle of leaf to 26.6(5.4) 15.8 (4.0) 24 (1.4) stalk for tassel-3 N = 16 N = 24 N = 8 leafPercentage of plants 0 58 0 with the ligules of top N = 27 N = 53 N = 30two leaves located at same point on stalk (appearing fused) Diseaseresistance profile 5 = high resistance 0 = nil resistance Northern cornrust 5 5 5 Northern corn blight 5 5 5 Fusarium kernel rot 4 1.5 4Percentage spo ear 96.0 48.7 0.0 expression Percentaqe decline in 30.436.3 2.4 H99 is a more leaf width between 20 parallel sided and 30 cm.leaf “N” indicates the number of plants observed Numbers inparenthetical indicate standard deviation

A deposit of the Fairview Industries, Inc. inbred corn seed 11Aspo and97RHspo disclosed above and/or cited in the appended claims have beenmade with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 UniversityBoulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209. The date of deposit for 11Aspo wasSep. 16, 2005, and the date of deposit for 97RHspo was Sep. 20, 2005.The deposit of 2,500 seeds for both 11Aspo and 97RHspo were taken fromthe same deposits maintained by Fairview Industries, Inc., 233 East MainStreet, Pendleton, S.C. 29670, since prior to the filing date of thisapplication. Access to these deposits will be made available during thependency of this application to persons determined by the Commissionerof Patent and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 CFR 1.14 and 35USC 122. Upon allowance of any claims in this application, allrestriction on the availability to the public of the inbred will beirrevocably removed by affording access to a deposit of at least 2,500seeds of the same inbred lines with the American Type Culture Collection(ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110. The deposit isintended to meet all of the requirements of 37 CFR § 1.801-1.809. TheATCC accession number for 11Aspo is PTA-6978. The ATCC accession numberfor 97RHspo is PTA-6982. The deposit will be maintained in thedepository for a period of thirty years, or five years after the lastrequest, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer,and will be replaced as necessary during that period.

While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described usingspecific terms, such description is for illustrative purposes only, andit is to be understood that changes and variations may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit or scope of the following claims.

1-11. (canceled)
 12. An inbred maize plant characterized by a geneticdeterminant which confers an expanded ear tip phenotype, said geneticdeterminant being capable of transmission to progeny substantially as asingle recessive gene.
 13. Corn seed derived from said inbred maizeplant of claim
 12. 14. Inbred corn seed characterized by a recessivegenetic determinant which confers an expanded ear tip phenotype on atleast a portion of maize plants grown from said inbred corn seed. 15.Corn seed as in claim 14, wherein said inbred corn seed is homozygousfor said recessive genetic determinant.
 16. Corn seed as in claim 14,wherein said inbred corn seed is heterozygous for said recessive geneticdeterminant. 17-23. (canceled)
 24. A homozygous genetic determinantmaintained by self-pollinating a maize plant possessing said geneticdeterminant through at least one generation until said geneticdeterminant is homozygous, said genetic determinant being capable ofconferring an expanded ear tip phenotype which is transmittable toprogeny as a recessive gene.
 25. A homozygous genetic determinantmaintained by backcrossing a first maize plant and a second maize plantwith at least one of said maize plants possessing said geneticdeterminant, said genetic determinant being capable of conferring anexpanded ear tip phenotype which is transmittable to progeny as arecessive gene. 26-53. (canceled)
 54. A maize plant having saidhomozygous genetic determinant according to claim 25 wherein said firstmaize plant is selected from the group consisting of A554, A632Ht, A632,A641, A634, A619, A619Ht, A670, A672, B14, B14A, B37, B68, B88, B75,B76, B79, B73, B83, B84, B85, B87, B88, B52, C103, C123, CB59G, CD1,CD2, C123, CG9, CG11, CG12, CG13, G14, CG15, CG17, CG18, CG20, CG576-3,CH581-13, CH591-23, CH592, CH593, CH611, CH646, CH661-17, CH665-1,CH671, CH711, CH753-4, CK24, CK69, CM105, C0109, C0150, C0220, CO252,CQ169, CQ173, CQ187, CQ188, CQ193, CQ196, CQ206, CQ213, CQ214, WF9, W23,CQ704, DF11, DF13, DF21Ht, F488, F578, FR3, FR22, FR27rhm, FR807,FR1130, FR1193, FR809, FR810, GT210wx, H99, H94, H95, H108, H109, H115,H125, Hi 31, Hi35, K201, Ky128, LH53, LH74, LH55, LH92, LH98, LH106,LHE137, LH143, LH146, Mo17, Mo40, Mo42, Mo401, Mp488, Mp490, Mp701,Mp703, MS24, MS71, MS92, MS74, MS132, MS214, N28, N31, NC230, NC250,ND230, ND246, ND255, ND256, ND101, ND468, ND481, NY821, Oh43, Oh45,Oh51, Oh422, OH561, Pa 91, Pa347, Pa409, Pa878, R177, R806, R182, RB73,RB73Htrhm, SC401, SC343, SD5, SD10, SD22, SD37, SDp288, SDp310, SDp312,SDp84, SDp309, T232, T250, Tx2783, Va26, Va35, VA21, VA43, Va59, Va95,Va96, Va98, W182B, W540, W117, W64A, W64Arms, W454, and wherein saidsecond maize plant is selected from the group consisting of 11Aspohaving ATCC Accession No. PTA-6978 and 97RHspo having ATCC Accession No.PTA-6982.
 55. The inbred maize plant of claim 12 wherein said recessivegenetic determinant is capable of transmission to progeny substantiallyas a series of closely linked recessive genes.